Journal: Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Usage of nanobody-beta-galactosidase fusion in immunoassays and its application in detecting a peanut allergen

doi: 10.1016/j.fochms.2026.100357

Figure Lengend Snippet: β-Gal detection of the association between its fusion partner Nb16 and Ara h 3 by ELISA. The utility of β-gal as a colorimetric enzyme in ELISA was assessed. Nb16-βgal association with Ara h 3 coated on the surface of the wells, but not with the control proteins, was detected. (A) SDS-PAGE analysis of Ara h 3 and control proteins used to coat the microplate. Nonreduced (lane 1) and reduced (lane 2) Ara h 3 were separated on a 4–12% SDS gel and stained with CBB. Chicken allergen Gal d 2 (lane 3) and cow's milk allergen Bos d 4 (lane 4) were included as control samples. The molecular masses (in kDa) of the proteins in the marker (lane M) are shown on the right side of the gel images. (B) The kinetic curves of the signal readout during plate incubation after the β-gal substrate ONPG was added. The black line shows the average signal of the wells incubated with TBS during the coating step. Red, green, and blue lines show the average signals of the wells coated with Gal d 2, Bos d 4, and Ara h 3, respectively. All the coating samples were at a concentration of 20 μg/mL. (C) A bar representation of β-gal detection in the ELISA experiment using the endpoint data. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Milli-Q water was purified in-house using a Milli-Q Advantage A10 system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) and used throughout. o -Nitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONPG), Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), Kanamycin (Kan), and X-Gal were purchased from GoldBio (St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control, SDS Page, SDS-Gel, Staining, Marker, Incubation, Concentration Assay

Journal: Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Usage of nanobody-beta-galactosidase fusion in immunoassays and its application in detecting a peanut allergen

doi: 10.1016/j.fochms.2026.100357

Figure Lengend Snippet: Detection of peanut allergen Ara h 3 at various concentrations. (A) Plate wells were coated with Ara h 3 at the concentrations indicated below the bar plot. Results were analyzed as described in C, but without background (signal for [Ara h 3] = 0) correction. (B) Kinetic signal readout during plate incubation after the β-gal substrate ONPG was added. Ara h 3 concentrations are indicated next to the endpoint signals. (C) The slopes of the linear fit to the kinetic data are shown in a bar graph. The Ara h 3 concentrations in the coating samples are indicated under the bars. (D) The slope of the kinetic data as a function of the Ara h 3 concentration is shown. The red straight line shows the results of fitting the data for Ara h 3 concentrations <2.5 μg/mL. (E) A semi-log plot of the slopes of the β-gal signal against the Ara h 3 concentration. The red sigmoidal line shows the result of a four-parameter logistic curve fit. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Milli-Q water was purified in-house using a Milli-Q Advantage A10 system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) and used throughout. o -Nitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONPG), Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), Kanamycin (Kan), and X-Gal were purchased from GoldBio (St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Incubation, Concentration Assay

Journal: Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Usage of nanobody-beta-galactosidase fusion in immunoassays and its application in detecting a peanut allergen

doi: 10.1016/j.fochms.2026.100357

Figure Lengend Snippet: Direct ELISA detection of peanut proteins in baked food. Kinetic signal readout during plate incubation with β-gal substrate ONPG. Each data point is the average of three triplicate wells. Data obtained by coating the plate with diluted muffin extract at peanut protein concentrations of 1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 15.63, and 39.06 ppm are shown in red, green, blue, cyan, and magenta, respectively. Data for the negative control, with wells treated with TBS during coating, are shown in black. Linear fits were applied to each data set, and the y-axis intercept of each fit was subtracted from each data point to shift the data set vertically. The straight lines are the results of linear fits of the shifted data. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Milli-Q water was purified in-house using a Milli-Q Advantage A10 system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) and used throughout. o -Nitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONPG), Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), Kanamycin (Kan), and X-Gal were purchased from GoldBio (St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Direct ELISA, Incubation, Negative Control

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Ultrasound-responsive CPS piezoelectric hydrogel synergistically repairs annulus fibrosus defects through immune reprogramming and cell recruitment

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.102825

Figure Lengend Snippet: Assessment of the anti-inflammatory capacity of CPS gel in vitro . A Schematic of the co-culture of hydrogel with RAW 264.7. B Quantification of the relative fluorescence intensity of TNF-α. C Quantification of the relative fluorescence intensity of IL-1β. D Immunofluorescence image of TNF-α expression in RAW 264.7 (Scale bar = 50 μm). E Immunofluorescence image of IL-1β expression in RAW 264.7 (Scale bar = 50 μm). F-H The protein expression level of TNF-α and IL-1β was evaluated by WB and quantified by ImageJ. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3). ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Staining was performed using IL-1β (Bioss, BS-0812R) and TNF-α (Santa, SC-52746) probes, and the staining was observed under a fluorescent inverted microscope.

Techniques: In Vitro, Co-Culture Assay, Fluorescence, Immunofluorescence, Expressing

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Ultrasound-responsive CPS piezoelectric hydrogel synergistically repairs annulus fibrosus defects through immune reprogramming and cell recruitment

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.102825

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo study of CPS gel for AF repair. A H&E, S&O staining sections of rat IVD at 4W and 8W post-operation (scale bar = 1 mm). B Col-1, IL-1β IHC staining sections of rat IVD at 4W and 8W post-operation (Scale bar = 50 μm). C Postoperative 4W Col-1 quantitative analysis. D Postoperative 8W Col-1 quantitative analysis. E. Postoperative 4W IL-1β quantitative analysis. F Postoperative 8W IL-1β quantitative analysis. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3). ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Staining was performed using IL-1β (Bioss, BS-0812R) and TNF-α (Santa, SC-52746) probes, and the staining was observed under a fluorescent inverted microscope.

Techniques: In Vivo, Staining, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: International Dental Journal

Article Title: Meis1 Negatively Regulates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via Wnt/β-catenin Pathway in Oral Submucous Fibrosis

doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2025.109323

Figure Lengend Snippet: Meis1 regulated EMT through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. ( A ) q-PCR analysis of Meis1 knockdown efficiency in HaCaT cells transfected with sh-Meis1 plasmids, ** P < .01. ( B ) Western blot analysis of Meis1 knockdown efficiency in HaCaT cells transfected with sh-Meis1 plasmids. ( C ) Western blot analysis of lentivirus-mediated Meis1 knockdown efficiency by shRNA in HaCaT cells. ( D ) Venn diagram showing overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the TGF-β1-induced group and sh-Meis1-2 group (C1: the control group; C2: TGF-β1-induced group; C3: sh-Meis1-2 group). ( E ) Pathway enrichment analysis of overlapping DEGs between the TGF-β1-induced group and sh-Meis1-2 group. ( F-H ) q-PCR analysis of β-catenin, cyclin D1, and c-Myc mRNA expression in cells with Meis1 overexpression, * P < .05, ** P < .01. ( I ) Western blot analysis of β-catenin, c-Jun, c-Myc, and cyclin D1 protein expression in cells with Meis1 overexpression. ( J-L ) q-PCR analysis of β-catenin, cyclin D1, and c-Myc mRNA expression in cells with Meis1 knockdown, * P < .05, ** P < .01. ( M ) Western blot analysis of β-catenin, c-Jun, c-Myc, and cyclin D1 protein expression in cells with Meis1 knockdown. ( N ) Western blot analysis of β-catenin protein expression in cells with or without MSAB treatment. ( O ) Western blot analysis of α-SMA, Vimentin, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin protein expression in cells with or without MSAB treatment.

Article Snippet: MSAB was used to treat HaCaT cells by blocking the Wnt/β-catenin pathway (MCE, HY-120697).

Techniques: Knockdown, Transfection, Western Blot, shRNA, Control, Expressing, Over Expression

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: DUSP26: Unveiling a critical molecular mediator and therapeutic target in developmental dysplasia of the hip-associated secondary osteoarthritis

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2026.5776

Figure Lengend Snippet: Significant Ups genes in the acetabular cartilage of the rats with DDH, as determined by mRNA-seq analysis. (A) Neonatal rats were subjected to straight-leg swaddling for 10 days. A total of 4 weeks later, (a) morphology, (b) H&E staining and (c) SO/FG staining were assessed in the hip joints of the rats. (B) Immunohistochemical staining and (E) semi-quantitative analysis of COL2A1 in the acetabular cartilage of the 4-week-old control rats and rats with DDH. (C) Relative gene expression levels of COL2A1, IL-1β and IL-6 in the acetabular cartilage of the 4-week-old control rats and rats with DDH, as determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. (D) Levels of IL-6 in the supernatants of acetabular cartilage from the 4-week-old rats with DDH, as determined by ELISA. (F) Significant Ups in the acetabular cartilage of rats with DDH were identified by mRNA-seq analysis with the screening criteria of log 2 FC >4 and P.adj<0.01. Principal component analysis results and a heatmap of these significant Ups are shown. (G) GO enrichment analysis of significant Ups in the acetabular cartilage of the rats with DDH. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. *** P<0.001. (C-E) Representative results of four independent experiments are shown. Ups, upregulated genes; BP, biological process; CC, cellular component; COL2A1, type II collagen; DDH, developmental dysplasia of the hip; FC, fold change; GO, Gene Ontology; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; IHC, immunohistochemistry; IL, interleukin; IOD, integrated optical density; MF, molecular function; mRNA-seq, mRNA sequencing; SO/FG, Safranin O/Fast Green.

Article Snippet: To assess the functional integrity of chondrocytes, the P0-P1 primary chondrocytes were treated with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β (10 ng/ml; cat. no. HY-P7097; MedChemExpress) with or without the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA; 300 nM; cat. no. T129665; Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd.) for 24 h at room temperature ( , ).

Techniques: Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Control, Gene Expression, Reverse Transcription, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Immunohistochemistry, Sequencing

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: DUSP26: Unveiling a critical molecular mediator and therapeutic target in developmental dysplasia of the hip-associated secondary osteoarthritis

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2026.5776

Figure Lengend Snippet: DUSP26 expression is upregulated in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes. (A) Schematic diagram showing the experimental protocol in vitro . Primary chondrocytes isolated from 5-day-old rats were subjected to treatment with 10 ng/ml IL-1β. The protein and mRNA expression levels of DUSP26 in chondrocytes were detected by RT-qPCR and western blotting. (B) Rat DUSP26 overexpression adenovirus was constructed and used to infect chondrocytes. After 24 h, the protein and mRNA expression levels of DUSP26 in the chondrocytes were detected by RT-qPCR and western blotting. (C) Two adenovirus-mediated shRNAs against rat DUSP26 were constructed and used to infect chondrocytes. After 24 h, the protein and mRNA expression levels of DUSP26 in the chondrocytes were assessed by RT-qPCR and western blotting. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. ** P<0.01 and *** P<0.001. Representative results of three independent experiments are shown. Ad-EP, empty adenoviral vector; DUSP26, dual-specificity phosphatase 26; IL, interleukin; NC, negative control; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; sh, short hairpin.

Article Snippet: To assess the functional integrity of chondrocytes, the P0-P1 primary chondrocytes were treated with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β (10 ng/ml; cat. no. HY-P7097; MedChemExpress) with or without the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA; 300 nM; cat. no. T129665; Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd.) for 24 h at room temperature ( , ).

Techniques: Expressing, In Vitro, Isolation, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Over Expression, Construct, Plasmid Preparation, Negative Control, Reverse Transcription, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: DUSP26: Unveiling a critical molecular mediator and therapeutic target in developmental dysplasia of the hip-associated secondary osteoarthritis

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2026.5776

Figure Lengend Snippet: DUSP26 overexpression alleviates IL-1β-induced chondrocyte injury. Rat DUSP26 overexpression adenovirus was constructed and used to infect chondrocytes. After 24 h, the chondrocytes were subjected to 10 ng/ml IL-1β. (A) Expression levels of COL2A1 and COL1A1 in the chondrocytes were detected by RT-qPCR and western blotting. (B) Relative mRNA expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the chondrocytes were determined by RT-qPCR. (C) Levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the supernatants of the chondrocytes were determined by ELISA. Two adenovirus-mediated shRNAs against rat DUSP26 were constructed and used to infect chondrocytes. After 24 h, the chondrocytes were subjected to 10 ng/ml IL-1β. (D) Expression levels of COL2A1 and COL1A1 in the chondrocytes were evaluated by RT-qPCR and western blotting. (E) Relative mRNA expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the chondrocytes were determined by RT-qPCR. (F) Levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the supernatants of the chondrocytes were detected by ELISA. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. * P<0.05, ** P<0.01 and *** P<0.001. Representative results of three independent experiments are shown. COL1A1, type I collagen; COL2A1, type II collagen; EP, empty adenoviral vector; DUSP26, dual-specificity phosphatase 26; IL, interleukin; NC, negative control; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; sh, short hairpin.

Article Snippet: To assess the functional integrity of chondrocytes, the P0-P1 primary chondrocytes were treated with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β (10 ng/ml; cat. no. HY-P7097; MedChemExpress) with or without the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA; 300 nM; cat. no. T129665; Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd.) for 24 h at room temperature ( , ).

Techniques: Over Expression, Construct, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Plasmid Preparation, Negative Control, Reverse Transcription, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: DUSP26: Unveiling a critical molecular mediator and therapeutic target in developmental dysplasia of the hip-associated secondary osteoarthritis

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2026.5776

Figure Lengend Snippet: HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC8 are DUSP26-interacting proteins in chondrocytes. (A) IP/MS analysis in DUSP26-overexpressing chondrocytes under IL-1β stimulation. (B) Flow chart of target protein screening. (C) Immunohistochemical staining of HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC8 in the acetabular cartilage of the 4-week-old control rats and rats with DDH. (D) Protein expression levels of HDAC1, p-HDAC1, HDAC2, p-HDAC2, HDAC8 and p-HDAC8 in the chondrocytes by western blotting. (E) Co-IP experiments with DUSP26 protein from extracts of IL-1β-treated chondrocytes followed by western blotting with indicated antibodies. DEG, differentially expressed gene; DUSP26, dual-specificity phosphatase 26; HDAC, histone deacetylase; IB, immunoblot; IL, interleukin; IP, immunoprecipitation; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem MS; mRNA-seq, mRNA sequencing; MS, mass spectrometry; p-, phosphorylated.

Article Snippet: To assess the functional integrity of chondrocytes, the P0-P1 primary chondrocytes were treated with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β (10 ng/ml; cat. no. HY-P7097; MedChemExpress) with or without the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA; 300 nM; cat. no. T129665; Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd.) for 24 h at room temperature ( , ).

Techniques: Protein-Protein interactions, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Control, Expressing, Western Blot, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Histone Deacetylase Assay, Immunoprecipitation, Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy, Liquid Chromatography, Sequencing, Mass Spectrometry

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: DUSP26: Unveiling a critical molecular mediator and therapeutic target in developmental dysplasia of the hip-associated secondary osteoarthritis

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2026.5776

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inactivation of HDAC1/2/8 inhibits DUSP26 silencing-triggered cartilage degeneration. (A) Total protein and phosphorylation levels of HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC8 in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes determined by western blotting. (B) Relative mRNA expression levels of HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC8 in chondrocytes, as determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. (C) Relative mRNA expression levels of COL1A1 and TNF-α in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes after knocking down HDAC1/2/8. (D) Relative mRNA expression levels of COL1A1 and TNF-α in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes after intervention with the HDAC inhibitor TSA. (E) Protein levels of COL1A1 and TNF-α in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes after knocking down HDAC1/2/8. (F) Protein levels of COL1A1 and TNF-α in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes after intervention with the HDAC inhibitor TSA. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. * P<0.05, ** P<0.01 and *** P<0.001. (B-D) Representative results of three independent experiments are shown. COL1A1, type I collagen; DUSP26, dual-specificity phosphatase 26; HDAC, histone deacetylase; IL, interleukin; NC, negative control; ns, no significance; sh, short hairpin; TSA, trichostatin A.

Article Snippet: To assess the functional integrity of chondrocytes, the P0-P1 primary chondrocytes were treated with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β (10 ng/ml; cat. no. HY-P7097; MedChemExpress) with or without the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA; 300 nM; cat. no. T129665; Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd.) for 24 h at room temperature ( , ).

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Western Blot, Expressing, Reverse Transcription, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Histone Deacetylase Assay, Negative Control